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Often when used in a legal context, vocabulary can focus on a different meaning which is tacit to the legal context it is being used. Below are some examples which have familiar uses in day to day English but we will provide some examples in a legal context. Let's...
In general we expect plurals to simply end in an 's' but this is not always the case. addenda - additional material added to the end of a book or publication. (formal) 'Please refer to the addenda regarding additional matters.' agenda is the...
Prepositions to Send the contract to the party. (movement) The company attribute the changes to a changing demand. (realisation/recognition) The parties will have to discuss the terms to decide how to move forward. (verb - to + infinitive) as...
When making offers and suggestions in questions, we can use shall. Shall I take that for you? Shall we go there today? We can also use the negative shan't. Shan't we try? You shan't go to the ball! Employees shan't work flexi-time during...
Intellectual property rights define who owns creative work. Permission by way of a granted licence maybe another party has a right to use the creative work. vocabulary/grammar An assignor assigns their rights to an assignee. A licensor provides a...
A negotiable instrument such as a cheque or promissory note represent rights of payment. Promissory note Is a document that provides a written promise by one party to pay another party a particular amount of money on a particular date....
Generally speaking, we use 'a' or 'an' before unspecific nouns or maybe when we are talking about something for the first time: Would you like 'an' apple Carry on like that and you will get a slap in the face! We can use 'one' to emphasise the...
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A significant key to contracts is formation. Formation The common formula quoted for a contract is offer + acceptance + consideration = contract Consideration is value of something given in return for something. Commonly money,...
Test of Legal English Skills (TOLES) is a structured course of legal English. The exams are available at three levels allowing students to meet levels of the legal English required by employers in the field. All material has been developed by lawyers and...
Drafting is the preparation of any legal document. Documents such as contracts, statements, wills, trusts, judgements and particulars of claim are all drafted. There are no pre-defined rules beyond law and practice. Whilst it is possible to use precedents, it is...
TALK Firstly, talk is a verb that simple describes the action of moving one's mouth and producing words. Talk suggests a conversation or discussion Students like to talk in English. Feel free to talk amongst yourselves while we are waiting to...
What are phrasal verbs? Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and preposition or adverb. Phrasal verbs have different meanings to when the words are translated separately. We use phrasal verbs everyday, as they don't translate easily, they need to be remembered....
In England and Wales, there are two types of lawyers: Barristers Are specialists in advocacy. They give opinions on areas of law to solicitors and clients. Originally you could only instruct a barrister through a solicitor but it is possible to...
In England and Scotland, law is derived from statute (law made in parliament) and case law (law made by judges). A statute is also called an Act of Parliament and has been the most common source of contract law. How statute is created A proposal...
This can cause difficulty for learners as not all languages make a distinction between comparatives and superlatives. In English, there are rules which we visit below. comparatives are adjectives and adverbs that end in 'er' In December it is winter...
It is imperative that when two verbs are used together, the correct verb is used for the second verb. As there are no rules that can be turned to, below are some examples which with practise can help students to remember. The key to remember is that the from of the...
The French phrase 'force majeure' is commonly used used in English law and is internationally understood as a 'greater force' outside the influence of parties. To be more specific, force majeure is an unforeseen even the prevents a party form carrying out their legal...
Adjective forms can be created from some nouns and verbs by adding a prefix or suffix. prefixes (in)tangible Tangible evidence is obtained from reliable sources. Intangible assets cannot be touched. These include copyright, trademark and goodwill....
Legal English classes concentrate on the English used in legal language. An opportunity for international lawyers and students to boost their employability, knowledge and confidence
The salutation depends on who the recipient is: 'Dear Sir or Madam/Dear Sirs' Law firm or company 'Dear Sirs' 2 men, names unknown 'Dear Mesdames' 2 women, names unknown 'Dear Sir or Madam' Name and sex unknown 'Dear Madam' Woman,...
A Company Companies are business associations with a character which is distinctly separate to the officers and shareholders. To this end, a company can own property, insulate it's owners against personal liability and continue trading irrespective of a change in...
offer + acceptance + consideration = contract For a contract to become enforceable, there needs to be an offer (from the offeror), acceptance (from the offeree) and consideration. Consideration In common law, consideration is the exchange of one thing of...
Legal proceedings in civil-law and common-law systems have key differences to one another. Inquisitorial The judge(s) play an active role in proceedings and will question defence, prosecution and witnesses. The judge supervises the gathering of evidence to resolve...
